Cancer is caused by genetic alterations that disrupt cell cycle regulation. Can be caused by changes in genes that control cell growth and division. The three main types of cancer are:
Hereditary cancers- these are also called familial cancers because they tend to run in families. About 5-10% of all cancers are hereditary.
Secondary cancers- these occur after treatment for another type of cancer. Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy can all cause secondary cancers.
Tertiary cancers- these develop when cells divide without restriction or order, which usually happens when there's no more normal tissue left to invade. Tertiary cancers can also arise when existing tumors reoccur after removal.
Gene mutations can induce cancer by speeding cell division rates or suppressing normal system mechanisms like cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. A tumor can form as a mass of malignant cells expands. However, tumors also can form when non-cancerous cells divide without limit, which is called hyperplasia. Finally, a few cancers develop from ordinary body tissues such as muscles, bones, and blood vessels; these are called exocrine tumors because their cells release material into the surrounding tissue rather than enclosing it within a membrane.
The cell cycle is the series of events that occurs in cells during growth and reproduction. Cells complete this process in order to replicate themselves and then stop dividing until they are damaged or old enough to die. Cancer develops when genes go wrong and prevent healthy cells from dying, causing them to continue dividing uncontrollably. Cell division requires equal amounts of DNA from two parents - otherwise known as replication - but when replication fails, so too will the cell. Therefore, tumors form when an imbalance exists between cell division and death. Some cells may be forced into division too often, while others aren't divided enough.
Cancers are classified by the type of cell that is producing them. For example, cancers of immune cells are called leukemias while those produced by other types of cells are called carcinomas.
Cancer is essentially a disease caused by uncontrolled cell division. Its genesis and progression are often connected to a sequence of alterations in cell cycle regulator activity. Tumors may contain multiple types of cells, some of which are undergoing division at high rates. Some cancer treatments work by inducing cell death through an imbalance between cell division and removal of cells. Other treatments focus on inhibiting blood flow to tumors, preventing tumor growth or metastasis. Finally, some therapies target specific changes in signaling pathway activity that are associated with certain types of cancers.
The cell cycle is the series of events that occurs in cells during reproduction. All living organisms undergo such a cycle every time they divide: old cells die and new ones form from stem cells or progenitor cells. Special proteins control the cycle by triggering different reactions according to the stage of development or differentiation of each cell. Cancer arises when these controls fail; that is, when cancer genes produce proteins that prevent cells from dying when they should, or promote too many cells through division.
For example, cancers produced by immune cells are called immunodeficiencies because the body's immune system is not able to fight them.
Cancer is produced by mutations in specific genes, which disrupt the way our cells work. Some of these genetic alterations occur spontaneously as DNA replicates during cell division. Others, on the other hand, are the result of DNA damage caused by environmental factors. Still others arise as the consequence of an imbalance between protein production and degradation. Cancer-causing genes play many different roles in cell physiology, but they all lead to uncontrolled cellular growth. Growth can be enhanced by hormones like insulin or IGFs (insulin-like growth factors), which are often present at high levels in people with cancer. Growth can also be stimulated by chemicals that act like eggs to tell cells to grow and divide. Uncontrolled growth leads to the formation of tumors. The genes involved in tumor suppression were first identified about 20 years ago. Since then, scientists have learned much about how these important genes work.
Cancers are classified into several main groups based on the type of cell that is growing out of control. This information helps doctors choose treatments that are right for the patient. For example, if it turns out that a patient has cancer with mutations in genes that lead to its growth, then treatments designed to stop the activity of these genes will be effective. Otherwise, patients would not be able to respond to such therapies.
Tumors can also be classified by the site where they appear in the body.
Dysregulated cell cycle regulation is a key feature of cancer. Cancer cells multiply uncontrollably, unlike normal cells, which only proliferate when prompted to do so by developmental or other mitogenic signals in response to tissue growth demands. The three major checkpoints that prevent damaged DNA from entering the nucleus and triggering replication before it is ready are known as the G1 checkpoint, the S phase checkpoint, and the G2 checkpoint.
Cancers are classified by the type of cell that is producing them: if cancer cells are immune cells, then we call this cancer "lymphocytic"; if they are bone marrow cells, then we say it's "myeloid"; if they're heart muscle cells, then it's "cardiac" cancer. Each type of cancer needs to be studied for specific genetic changes that cause the cancer phenotype. But some cancers have similar genetics to another type of cancer; these include lymphomas, melanomas, leukemias, and sarcomas.
The cell cycle is simply the sequence of events that occurs within each cell as it divides to make more cells. Cells cannot divide without first stopping at one of two checkpoints: the G1 checkpoint to allow time for cellular repair processes to complete before initiating DNA synthesis (S phase), or the G2 checkpoint to give time for cell division to be completed accurately.
Changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells cause cancer. Inside a cell, DNA is packed into many separate genes, each of which includes a set of instructions informing the cell what functions to execute as well as how to grow and divide. Mutations can occur at any time during DNA replication, inheritance from parent cells, or transmission from one generation to the next.
Cancers are caused by mutations that result in the transformation of normal cells into malignant tumors. The two main types of cancer occurring in humans are carcinomas and sarcomas. Carcinomas are tumor cells that continue to grow and invade surrounding tissue. Sarcomas are highly aggressive cancers that do not respond to growth factors or hormones and thus always spread via blood or lymph vessels.
Gene mutations in cancer cells disrupt the usual instructions in the cell, causing it to grow out of control or fail to die when it should. Cancer cells behave differently than normal cells, allowing it to spread. Cancer cells vary from normal cells in that they divide uncontrollably. This can lead to a large number of cells forming over time.
Cancer cells can also invade surrounding tissue and can metastasize or spread via the blood or lymph system to other parts of the body where they continue to grow into secondary tumors. Secondary tumors may be found in different tissues of the body, such as the brain, lungs, or liver.
Benign tumors don't grow out of control but can still cause problems if not removed. They usually go away on their own or with treatment.
Malignant tumors grow quickly and can invade surrounding tissue. They may also metastasize or spread via the blood or lymph system to other parts of the body where they continue to grow into secondary tumors. Malignant tumors are more dangerous than benign tumors because they can damage vital organs such as the heart, lungs, or brain.
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